I don't think it would be that different than the arc measurements that were actually done, you triangulate a bunch of points to work out distances and angle sufficiently precisely:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_measurement
That doesn't help you if you're moving West to East, though.
EDIT: Also, that's to measure distance, not direction.
That doesn't help you if you're moving West to East, though.
EDIT: Also, that's to measure distance, not direction.