That only ruled out one particularly broken model (everything revolving directly around the earth). The dominant model at the time had the sun and moon revolving around the earth and everything else revolving around the sun, with epicycles. All the information Galileo was able to present to people was equally consistent with heliocentrism and geocentrism, and Galileo's favored heliocentric model was less elegant and explained no extra data.

(Not entirely for lack of trying, though Galileo's favored rhetorical approach was 'I'm obviously right and you're all idiots', he did work with some others to try to demonstrate the rotation of the earth via displacement of dropped objects, but didn't succeed because it's quite a tricky measurement)