There's loads of puzzle games that are great for this! Off the top of my head, check out Lorelei and the Laser eyes, the recent Monkey Island, Case of the Golden Monkey, the two Talos Principle games, maybe The Witness?
I'd add Chants of Sennaar to this list. It's similar to Case of the Golden Idol/Obra Dinn in that the entire game is about making deductions about the game world, but in this case it's about decoding fantasy languages.
Case of the Golden Monkey sounds fascinating, but almost too secretive. It's an Idol, not a Monkey :-)
Excellent list! I'd also add The Crimson Diamond to it.
The Outer Wilds (not The Outer Worlds) is also a fantastic game along those lines.
Don't read too much about it, you want to go in as blind as possible.