Part of his attack requires disabling the cache on his (sender) side so that he doesn’t pollute the cache. That implies that both sides of the conversation share the same URL, which means Cloudflare could assume two IP addresses requesting the same URL on the Signal attachment domain are participating in a shared conversation.
Yeah, that's a problem. It is leaking metadata, not content.
Ideally, the image should be padded, encrypted with a different key, and given a different URL for each user who is authorized to view it. But this would increase the client's burden significantly, especially in conversations that include more than two people.