> only current income is increased

There's actually lots of taxes that aren't income or sales tax

> if everyone has 50% more money, there is very high probability that my business will go up A LOT

No, you'll be getting twice the money, but the money is worth half as much.

> Inflation is not a balance between taxation and spending.

It is for the US federal government.

> All Middle Eastern countries are having huge spending and almost zero taxes.

Those countries peg their currency to the dollar. Their money doesn't come from taxes, but instead from state oil companies. These countries aren't as free to hand out money like the US. If enough people tried to exchange their Saudi Riyals for dollars quick enough, and the Saudi government couldn't gather US dollars quick enough, their currency would very quickly collapse.