alt Hacker NewsOlder games used precompiled shaders. These are inaccessible to the game devs and usually handled by the hardware makers, so the platform OEM for consoles and the video card OEM on PCs. Game devs have begged for the ability to write their own shaders for years and finally got it with DX11 and Vulkan. And that's when things went to hell. Instead of the shaders being written and compiled for the specific hardware, they now have to be compiled for your GPU at run time. It's a messy and imperfect process. EA, Ubisoft or anyone else is never going to have the same level of understanding of a GPU that Nvidia or AMD will have. Often the stuttering is due to the shaders having to be recompiled in game, something that never happened before.
Compiling shaders directly from a high level representation to the GPU ISA only really happens on consoles.
In DirectX on PC, shaders have been compiled into an intermediate form going back to Direct3D 8. All of these intermediate forms are lowered into an ISA-specific instruction set by the drivers.
This final compilation step is triggered lazily when a draw happens, so if you are working on a "modern" engine that uses thousands of different material types your choices to handle this are to a) endure a hiccup as these shaders are compiled the first time they are used, b) force compilation at a load stage (usually by doing like a 1x1 pixel draw), or c) restructure the shader infrastructure by going to a megashader or similar.