"somehow communicating via sound waves the speed, heading, and distance ..."
You'll need to speak "whale" first with this awful scheme.
A small whale is a few tonnes in mass a large one can be 150 tonnes. That is very easy to detect via SONAR.
Funnily enough a few specialised Japanese and Chinese ships are capable of detecting whales with amazing accuracy to the point of delivering small warheads.
No you don’t. You just need a consistent signal. It is how you can communicate information to a dog without speaking dog today.
Of course sonar works, but there’s a human operator…
You just need to broadcast a made-up word of phrase with similar tones as the whales use, without you knowing what this means to the whales. The same noise should be used every time. Whales are smart, so they will learn to associate that incoherent utterance with ships.
Need to speak whale to make this AI-powered scheme work? Sounds like a job for AI: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43680899