There was a time when there were no automobiles in New York City, but there was lots of public transportation. (Ok, there were horses and the consequent manure, and the population was way smaller then. But still...)
> there was lots of public transportation
There could have been a lot more. The 1929 IND Second System expansion plan is depressing, especially the parts where provisions are already built:
- https://www.vanshnookenraggen.com/_index/2021/01/ind-second-...
- https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_Second_System_-_1929_Plan
Horses caused worse problems than manure. The NYC pedestrian death rate from horse accidents in 1900 was higher than the pedestrian death rate from car accidents in 2003. See this comment [1] for references.
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42329211