I was thinking would there be a passive chemical alternative, something that changed color according to CO2 level. Kind of: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_indicator
I was hoping it would be a mechanical system that uses no electricity at all
These generally - as the article indicates - have the issue that they aren't just sensitive to CO2 but virtually anything else.
You could maybe get by with some sort of antibody coagulation stuff like in many rapid test strips, but these are to my knowledge not reversible.