How to create a fair coin from an arbitrarily biased coin:
1. Toss the coin and remember the answer.
2. Toss the coin again, if it is different from your previous toss then your result from #1 is fair. Otherwise, go back to step 1.
If p is the probability of getting heads, there are four possible outcomes with their associated probabilities:
TT -> (1 - p)^2 (rejected)
HT -> p * (1 - p)
TH -> (1 - p) * p
TT -> p^2 (rejected)
Needless to say, p * (1 - p) and (1 - p) * p have an equal probability, so if we don't reject our two tosses, we have a fair outcome.1. flip the coin until it lands on its edge.
2. the person who achieves this is the winner.
"arbitrarily" is doing some heavy lifting!
I'm not sure that two concurrent harmonious answers constitutes a "fixed" coin or a diagnosis of a fixed coin.
This scheme will be rubbish with a one sided coin ie the limit for "arbitrary fixed coin".
That's cute. intuitively, if two flips give different outcomes, it's fifty/fifty which would be first.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_extractor#Von_Neuma...