STM32 MCUs are 3V3, not 5V right?
Arduino really isn't great with naming, a Uno can be an AVR or ARM based board, now either 3V3 or 5V based and also a SBC rather than just a MCU.
Depends on the MCU, but generally STM32 is 1.7-3.6V
Yes, but many (most?) of them are 5V-tolerant.
I think to Arduino, Uno just means 'Uno form factor, with shield pins in the same place'