Fun fact: this information is already available in the System Information app on your Mac.
Hardware -> USB
I also use the app to check what wattage my cables are when charging my MacBook (Hardware -> Power)
Yes, system_profiler is just a terminal version of System Information.
This only shows you the minimum of what the cable and adapter support together, though. I believe this is a fundamental limitation of the protocol; the source won't tell you about voltage/current combinations not supportable by the cable.