Isn't that very much intentional on the part of GCC?
Not anymore. Modularization is somewhat tangential, but for awhile Stallman did actively oppose rearchitecting GCC to better support non-free plugins and front-ends. But Stallman lost that battle years ago. AFAIU, the current state of GCC is the result of intentional technical choices (certain kinds of decoupling not as beneficial as people might think--Rust has often been stymied by lack of features in LLVM, i.e. defacto (semantic?) coupling), works in progress (decoupling ongoing), or lack of time or wherewithal to commit to certain major changes (decoupling too onerous).
It is intentional to avoid non-free projects from building on top of gcc components.
I am not familiar enough with gcc to know how it impacts out-of-tree free projects or internal development.
The decision was taken a long time ago, it may be worth revisiting it.
Somewhat. Stallman claims to have tried to make it modular,[0] but also that he wants to avoid "misuse of [the] front ends".[1]
The idea is that you should link the front and back ends, to prevent out-of-process GPL runarounds. But because of that, the mingling of the front and back ends ended up winning out over attempts to stay modular.
[0]: https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2015-02/msg00...
[1]: https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2015-01/msg00...