> How do those other applications obtain the precise value they need without encountering the Internet issue?
They do not use the Internet: they use local (GPS) clocks with internal high-precision clocks for carry-over in case GNSS signal is unavailable:
* https://www.ntp.org/support/vendorlinks/
* https://www.meinbergglobal.com/english/products/ntp-time-ser...
* https://syncworks.com/shop/syncserver-s650-rubidium-090-1520...
TIL/remembered GNSS satellites have onboard atomic clocks. Makes a lot of sense, but still pretty cool. Something like this, I guess?
If those other applications use their own local GPS clocks, what is the significance of NIST (and the 5μs inaccuracy) in their scenario?