The socket API is all kinds of bad. The way streams should work is that, when sending data, you set a bit indicating whether it’s okay to buffer the data locally before sending. So a large send could be done as a series of okay-to-buffer writes and then a flush-immediately write.

TCP_CORK is a rather kludgey alternative.

The same issue exists with file IO. Writing via an in-process buffer (default behavior or stdio and quite a few programming languages) is not interchangeable with unbuffered writes — with a buffer, it’s okay to do many small writes, but you cannot assume that the data will ever actually be written until you flush.

I’m a bit disappointed that Zig’s fancy new IO system pretends that buffered and unbuffered IO are two implementations of the same thing.