Rust does. You have editions to do breaking changes at the surface level. But that is per crate (library) and you can mix and match crates with different editions freely.

Thry do reserve the right to do breaking changes for security fixes, soundness fixes and inference changes (i.e. you may need to add an explicit type that was previously inferred but is now ambiguous). These are quite rare and usually quite small.

Ada does. It has been through 5 editions so far and backwards compatibility is always maintained except for some small things that are documented and usually easy to update.

Go, PHP, Ruby, JavaScript ... I'd say majority, actually.

Java rules here. You can take any Java 1.0 (1995) codebase and compile it as-is on a recent JDK. Moreover, you can also use any ancient compiled Java library and link it to modern Java app. Java source and bytecode backward compatibility is fantastic.