In its most raw form, camera sensors only see illumination not color.

In front of the sensor is a bayer filter which results in each physical pixel seeing illumination filtered R G or B.

From there the software onboard the camera or in your RAW converter does interpolation to create RGB values at each pixel. For example if the local pixel is R filtered, it then interpolates its G & B values from nearby pixels of that filter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter

There are alternatives such as what Fuji does with its X-trans sensor filter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X-Trans_sensor

Another alternative is Foveon (owned by Sigma now) which makes full color pixel sensors but they have not kept up with state of the art.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor

This is also why Leica B&W sensor cameras have higher apparently sharpness & ISO sensitivity than the related color sensor models because there is no filter in front or software interpolation happening.