In case anyone is wondering: In newer versions of MacOS, the user must log out to require a password. Locking screen no longer requires password if Touch ID is enabled.
Shift+Option+Command+Q is your fastest route there, but unsaved work will block.
Settings -> lock screen -> “Require password after screen saver begins or display is turned off”
Is that actually true? I'm fairly confident my work Mac requires a password if it's idle more than a few days (typically over the weekend).