I only trust studded tiers (but i live close to a non-paved road that is always very icy during the end of the season).

But that said - there are lots of research that points towards that studded tires kill more people than they save lives because of the asphalt particles they cause.

But then there are people that claim that non-studded cars rely on at least 10% cars with studded tires to make the surface more rugged/rough.

Anyway, down the rabbit hole.