At least the paper is transparent it's a twist on Edwards cogwheel.
I've encountered these in the wild, so interesting to see what's generating them.
These are hard to read if you have no intuition about what these cog shapes look like even without overlapping. But, everyone get ellipses.
Nice paper, the last two figures remind me of Hierarchical Edge Bundles (2006) and the Sunflower Visual Metaphor (1999) which have similar goals.
https://aviz.fr/wiki/uploads/Teaching2014/bundles_infovis.pd...
https://ics.uci.edu/~kobsa/courses/ICS280/notes/papers/Rose-...