alt Hacker News> all the encoding/decoding functions default to utf-8
Languages that use UTF-8 natively don't need those functions at all. And the ones in Python aren't trivial - see, for example, `surrogateescape`.
As the sibling comment says, the only benefit of all this encoding/decoding is that it allows strings to support constant-time indexing of code points, which isn't something that's commonly needed.
They absolutely do because random byte strings are not valid utf8. Safe Rust requires validating bytes when converting to strings because this.