cognition is just a special case of medicine which is a special case of biology which is a special case of chemistry which is a special case of physics.

And the closer you get to physics, the less likely any sort of major paradigm shift will be discovered (though the article focuses pretty heavily on physics which is why I do as well).

But even in those fields, there are core parts that aren't likely to ever see any sort of paradigm shift. For example, in biology, I doubt we'll see a shift from evolution as it'll be impossible for a new model to also explain what evolution does.

I agree that at the edges you'll possibly see more paradigm shifts and discovery, but those are all going to be working from things that will not see paradigm shifts. For example, biology can't escape things like single celled organisms made up from atoms and chemical compounds.

But ultimately, what I disagree with in the article is the notion that discovery won't ultimately be a process of hypernormalization. In medicine, we are unlikely to see a new paradigm that isn't germ theory. When it comes to the research, it'll mostly be focused on finding new compounds and delivery mechanisms for treatment rather than finding a new paradigm for how to treat a disease.

The softer sciences are the only place where you might find new paradigms, but that's simply because the data itself is so squishy and poor anyways that it's easy to shift around. There it's less a question of the science and more of the utility of the model (regardless of whether or not it aligns with reality).