I use vim with docker compose all the time: Set up the compose file to bind-mount the repo inside the container, so you can edit files freely outside it, and add a convenience "make shell" that gets you inside the container for running commands (basically just "docker compose exec foo bash").

It sounds like if you make devcontainers point at an existing Dockerfile it should be easy to make these work together, so you and teammates both use the same configuration. I haven't used devcontainers though.