A Steam Deck is just an Arch Linux box. There is, intentionally by by design, no method of securing it against its user. Anyone with root access can change anything on it. There is no method of enforcing an age verification scheme on it in a way that cannot be removed or altered by a sufficiently bright and motivated teenager.
previous discussion on the same topic: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47509984#47526575
the conclusion from that discussion was that kids should not be allowed Steam Decks because that would provide them a way of getting around age certification.