> Most refineries in the US are very old and are very polluting

India's Reliance is also investing $300B [0] in a Texas megarefinery [1] in specifically for cleaner and more efficient shale refining.

This is deeply technical and complex but low margins work (semiconductor fabrication falls in the same boat) which saw this industry leave for abroad in the 2000s and 2010s when other states like China and India subsidized their refinery industries to build domestic capacity for a number of petroleum byproducts with industrial applications.

This is the same strategy Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan used in the 1960s-90s as well.

[0] - https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-03-17/ambani...

[1] - https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-11/reliance-...