> software engineering does not involve mathematical modeling

it absolutely can, approximately nobody was doing that because it was insanely expensive. if we narrow down the definitions, modern static typing (where modern means universally accepted nowadays) is a form of mathematical modeling and proof construction that software does what it says it does.

the economic calculation is changing extremely rapidly now with LLMs though. some of my software is now proved to be correct at some levels, e.g. I heavily (that is, LLMs I pilot) use TLA+ for tricky but nowhere near foundational distributed systems work (as in, I don't work on core S3, but do distributed transaction stuff).