Kolmogorov Complexity looks interesting. It seems to formalize Occam’s Razor and the notion that intelligence = compression.
I wouldn't say so about Occam's Razor which is a heuristic.
The relationship between compression and intelligence, while not equal is definitely there. It looks like 3Blue1Brown is going to be doing some videos on this aspect.
If you find this interesting, you should look into Solomonoff induction. It combines Kolmogorov complexity with Bayes rule to provide a general framework for inductive inference, and naturally formalizes Occam's razor.