Why study Diophantine equations?

One context in which diophantine equations arise is hidden within the innards of loop optimizing compilers, where loop carried dependencies are considered, as they constrain parallelization.

I had (and donated to an engineering library in Urbana) a book about just this from the early 90s. I tried finding it on Amazon but no such luck.

This was a recurrent tool at

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Center_...

I love this topic and look forward to reading the next articles, but I suggest not saying two numbers are "equal" mod N. I would say they are "equivalent" mod N and maybe point out the broader insight: Equality is often too rigid a constraint, and we usually want to consider equivalence relations instead. We know 3 and 6 and 9 are obviously not equal, but it's useful to notice the pattern that they are all divisible evenly by 3, i.e., they are all in the equivalence class 0 mod 3.

When I think about Langlands, I think it is the power of equivalence over equality that shockingly allows us to connect the discrete world of the natural numbers (or Q) with the world of the continuous (R or C), across disparate branches of mathematics. The Modularity Theorem (every elliptic curve over Q is modular) is the foundational idea and at every step along the way, we obtain evidence of more remarkable equivalences: The conductor N of an elliptic curve versus the level N of certain congruence groups; the point count deficiency (p'th Hecke eigenvalue) of a curve and the p'th coefficient of the Fourier q-expansion; Galois reciprocity showing an equivalence between the traces of Frobenius elements acting on a cohomology, and the eigenvalues of Hecke operators; Ribet's theorem about level lowering; etc. Time and again, the theme in Langlands is that equivalence relationships make it possible for us to reason why two intricate mathematical structures that seem completely foreign are actually "essentially the same" -- not equal, but equivalent.

The article doesn't really tell us much about the "why" unfortunately. Diophantine equations are introduced but all the interesting stuff is promised in future articles which haven't come yet. All the reader can take from this is that these equations lead to some "profound hidden structures" without a good idea what they are.

I get that it's hard to wrap one's head around the Langlands program but I'd love to see at least more exposition on the following statement:

>inventing the Euclidean algorithm is essentially equivalent to inventing unique prime factorization

Diophantine equations are as they say Turing complete. That is for any question about does this Turing machine with this tape halt with a certain value there is a corresponding Diophantine equation, which has solutions if the machine halts with the output corresponding to the values it is solved by. I think this paper covers it for register machines rather than Turing machines directly: https://carleton.ca/math/wp-content/uploads/Nick-Murphy-Hono...

Of course to measure out 42 litres from two jugs of 5 and 17 litres each on the day that the Sun is in the exact same position among the constellations as today, and so is the Moon and in the same phase.

I thought this was obvious, like which is the better editor vi or whatever that other one was.

More here

https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205452/http://www2.slgb.... Section 2

https://hal.science/hal-01254966v1/file/MayaEnigma.pdf

https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/007/10/0006-0022

The purpose of this article was, secretly, to tell the reader about another class of Diophantine equations which leads to the Langlands program, which studies from incredibly intricate hidden structure inside of number theory. The Langlands program studies Diophantine equations of the form

This is not what the Langlands program is