If you want to know more about the cache invalidation in the whole pipeline of DNS requests, take a look at this

https://blog.cloudflare.com/tld-glue-sticks-around-too-long/

I hinted there how the NS chain of lookups works from . to your domain. The point is that we wanted to be able to move name servers around the ip addresss, but that wouldn't work for many domains. So - in some contexts moving IP's rapidly is possible, in some it's not. Fun.