>Even in today's world of modern iPhones, there's nothing that lets you easily jump to a specific part of an audio or video and re-record sections of it in the same way you can with a cassette.
Don't most DAW have a feature like this built in? I've also seen Final Cut Pro have a record button that can do something similar for video.
You only need a monitor to capture the audio output and use that as the input in the recorder software. Pipewire and macOS have a whole graph as their sound system where you can connect node (input, outputs, dsp) however you want. Don’t know much about PulseAudio and Jack.