What percentage of research is performed outside of the companies? (by college/government)

Okay? Does that disagree with anything I wrote?

My point was to whether it was artificial not whether it was bad.

We can have artificial interventions in markets, and that can be a net benefit and a good thing.

I’m not sure why everyone is responding as if “artificial” and “bad” are the same thing

Unless we came up with a different funding mechanism. Joseph Stiglitz for example has advocated a prize system for pharmaceuticals, though he doesn't suggest replacing the patent system entirely.

https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/prizes--not-pat...

Salk didn't need that temporary monopoly to invent the polio vaccine, which has gone on to be one of the biggest success stories of vaccines and modern medicine general.