There are no objective "basic colors". What "white" means is "excites our different types of photoreceptors roughly equally". And the photoreceptors have the sensitivity curves that they do because of our sun’s surface temperature and a convenient "window" in the opacity of our atmosphere. Organisms evolved under a different star, within a different atmosphere would have a different idea of what a "neutral" color is.

(Because of additional processing done by our visual system, what looks "white" to us is very dependent on the color of the ambient light. But the ~5800 K blackbody spectrum could be called the "most neutral" white to our eyes because that’s what evolution has optimized them for.)

Sure, the sun is white, more or less (cf comments re human perception and what "white" really means).

But when did humans first perceive the sun as white? We can only reliably say "sometime on or after 12 April 1961", the day Gagarin went into space. Prior to that, as far as we know, all humans saw the sun as some other colour, most often yellow or red, depending on the time of day.

Since Newton's prism, we had pretty good reason for believing it was likely white, reasons that got stronger in the 19th C with improved theories of optics, the discovery of atomic spectra, etc. I'm curious to know when we confirmed for sure its whiteness, and whether this was before October 1957 (Sputnik) or after Gagarin or somewhere in between.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation As objects get hotter and start glowing, they start to emit radiation in visible frequencies. Very hot objects keep glowing in the redder parts as they also start to glow in higher bands. Our eyes collect all the various frequencies at different intensities and experience them as one color. The second diagram on the page, with the chromaticity of different temperatures of ideal black-body radiators, shows the color that we perceive as the temperature of the glowing object goes up. The sun is around 5800k, so a little bit in in the yellow-green direction from perfectly balanced color response.

If you want to know why that diagram has its white point where it is, it's based on testing a bunch of people in laboratories. It's fairly predictable and repeatable, but it might not match your experience outdoors.

The vision system has evolved to consider as white the average color of the environment.

In terrestrial environments, the average color is typically not much different from the true color of the Sun. The white light of the Sun is split by the atmosphere into the bluish light of the sky and the yellowish direct light, then those are reflected and diffused by various bodies until being collected by an eye or a photographic camera.

If the bodies in the environment are random enough, i.e. there are similar amounts of those which absorb or diffuse different parts of the spectrum (e.g. the environment includes brown earth, green plants, blue sky, variously colored flowers and fruits, etc.), then the average color of the light that reaches the photoreceptors will not differ much from the color of the original source of light, i.e. the Sun as seen from outside the atmosphere.

It's a convention. And at one time it was useful as the thing that could be replicated anywhere.

Also, things that are white can be judged by the amount of light they reflect or scatter as a percentage, independent of the source of illumination. For instance, among familiar objects, a common white ceramic bathroom tile comes pretty close to pure white.

White light is that which is perceived as white, and that corresponds to light sources who color approximates a black body like the Sun.

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