> Hospitals have an operating margin of 2-5%
I'm curious where you got this figure, because it doesn't track with my own experience.
I used to work for a place that worked closely with hospital clients (and prospective clients) to resolve billing issues with a particular EMR system, and we regularly discovered that a given hospital was losing hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars weekly due to missing charges. The problem was, so much money was sloshing around that the hospitals were virtually always unaware of the missing charges, and many CIOs were more interested in saving face by shutting down further discussion than in walking through the collected data, how to fix the charging issues, and even claw back some of the lost charges (which you can generally do up to several months after the fact).
Not the parent, but here's one source: https://www.vizient.com/insights/reports/national-hospital-f...
There are many others as well.
FWIW, your experience doesn't seem contradictory to the operating margin claims.
Your experience seems to be that hospitals are run very inefficiently, implying that if they were run efficiently that their operating margins would be much higher than 2-5%. That may be the case, but that still means the Yale paper's claims don't make sense (unless they also propose some mechanism by which to suddenly force all hospitals to start operating efficiently).
But I'm also skeptical of your claim that hospitals are leaving a huge amount of operating margin on the table. IME, very little can be explained by "everyone is stupid." Would I be surprised if a given hospital was run very inefficiently or if a given hospital had a particular poor CIO or administrator? Not in the slightest. Would I be surprised if ALL hospitals were run by idiots who were leaving 10% operating margin on the table? Yes, I would be.