Isn't this just using SMTP through whatever mail server you have connected to Gmail?
Either way, this is likely going to stop me from using Gmail as my mail aggregator, I've used this feature for nearly a decade to send and receive from 6 different addresses, Gmail recognizes the to address and automatically sets the from address to the correct account.
Is Thunderbird still decent nowadays? What's a decent mobile + desktop replacement?
No, Gmail directly sends the email from their own SMTP servers (you have to set up SPF to allow them etc)