You're wrong. AVIF does support spatial layering where the full-resolution image is derived from the lower-resolution layer, and cannot be decoded independently.
Yes, the format is not inherently progressive. But having the fine steps in progressive quality that JPEG-2000 and JPEG-XL have has less general usefulness than the amount of words complaining about it.
Can a similar technique be employed in JPEG XL, or does the format not allow for it in any way?
Jpeg2000 (and jpeg ls and jpeg xr) thankfully wasn’t implemented in any major way. Keep it simple, stupid.