Both ZFS and modern btrfs support a large set of checksums.

Both implement sha256, which does impose a heavy speed penalty.

ZFS allows you to adjust the checksum on the fly, using something faster (Fletcher) if desired.

In btrfs, a global checksum is set at filesystem creation; xxhash is the best modern option.

There is a website: https://xxhash.com

Deduplication adds concerns for a strong hash free of collisions.