This is what doctors do in Czech Republic - mandatory journey through hospital departments taking about 2.5 years.
This is also part of the system for doctors in the US, it's called residency. During residency rotations the residents (who have already graduated medical school) go through structured clinical training with patients within each medical specialty, supervised by an attending physician.
In Austria as well, it's called "Turnus".
I think this is done in the USA too.
That's Medicine everywhere