If you don't have the authenticator backup codes and you didn't turn on cloud sync in the app, you might be out of luck.
You can get a replacement SIM though and use it with a new phone, so the phone number recovery option should work.
This. Can't you get your number moved to a new phone? I have never don't anything magic when upgrading my phone other than move contacts.
This. Can't you get your number moved to a new phone? I have never don't anything magic when upgrading my phone other than move contacts.