I did a small research project based on medical billing challenge data (https://medgis.te0.io/). I tried to correlate the data to PE firms (best effort). As far as I could tell they were just a volume player but not the worst. After talking to people in the industry, theres some real sleezy doctors out there. Some do appointments at hospitals even if not required so they can charge more. There’s more anecdotes. All the incentives are messed up and I’m not sure how to fix without policy changes.