> I'm skeptical that space exploration in particular was meaningfully responsible for the list of consumer-facing technologies Tyson mentioned in his speech.

It clearly was, at least in several examples. It looks like he's getting it right from NASA:

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff1996/43.html

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff2003/hm_3.html

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9275

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Telescope-Mirror-Tech-Improves-Eye-...