Google would not do something that would lock out half of the mobile device market. iOS doesn't do attestation.
Also, is there a reason Thunderbird or other clients couldn't use OAuth? I'm fairly certain I can login to GMail on Mail.app in macOS and other clients, so they're not using that to lock people into the official app or their browser
Google today might not do that, but Google tomorrow, when some upper manager's multi-million dollar bonus gets tied by a performance metric on how many people are using passkeys for gmail would in a heartbeat.
Thunderbird is an email client, not a web browser or a web server. It had to build in support for both of those things to support oauth2 login: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=849540
I assume Mail.app had to do the same.
Are you sure iOS doesn't do attestation? Google recently turned on requiring an iOS or Google-attested Android device with a camera for some reCAPTCHA challenges(i.e. take a photo of this QR code). They waited for Apple to support it before doing so.