Not raising taxes specifically no, but yes, US presidents have asked the supreme court for permission to do things the legislative told them not to, and gotten it. One Trump famously got, was the right to fire almost all federal employees at will, including members of boards established to be bipartisan for political reasons.

But really, the US has had the same problem you see in Brazil for so long, the president usually doesn't even have to ask the court, because the legislative was already sidelined decades ago. That is the case for the rather important issue of going to war, which of course Trump has also done against legislative approval.