> Where did depositors almost get wiped out in 2008?

“The [Deposit Insurance Fund] fell to the lowest point in its history, a negative $20.9 billion on an accounting basis, by year-end 2009.

…

To address this issue, the FDIC adopted a novel approach that required the banking industry to prepay its quarterly risk-based assessments for the fourth quarter of 2009 and for the next three years” [1].

Where did “significant amounts of cash” this was funded out of, which “banks were holding at the time,” come from? From the Fed and the bail-outs.

Without the bail-outs, banks wouldn’t have been able to fund the DIF and the FDIC would have faced the threat of insolvency.

> Where were stockholders bailed out?

Every institution that participated in TARP [2].

[1] https://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/crisis/overview.pdf

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program